Allergic rhinitis can be classified into two types: perennial and seasonal. Perennial allergic rhinitis is typically triggered by persistent allergens, such as dust mites, mold, and animal dander, especially in households with pets like cats and dogs. Patients often experience frequent sneezing and a runny nose upon waking in the morning, which is a reflex reaction to the allergens, and these symptoms often follow a temporal pattern, being more pronounced in the morning and alleviated during outdoor activities. This type of rhinitis may be associated with other allergic conditions, such as allergic conjunctivitis and asthma, significantly impacting the patient's quality of life; thus, early diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial.

In contrast, seasonal allergic rhinitis is associated with different pollen types in varying seasons. In spring, tree pollen is a common allergen; in summer, grasses are prevalent; and in autumn, weed pollen predominates. Patients may experience symptoms when exposed to these allergens during specific seasons. Indoor environments typically help avoid contact with allergens, and when the weather is pleasant and breezy, patients may notice more pronounced clinical symptoms upon going outdoors. The symptoms of this type of rhinitis often include nasal congestion, runny nose, sneezing, and itchy eyes, typically appearing rapidly after exposure to allergens.

Additionally, the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis is closely related to individual genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and immune responses. Genetic factors play a significant role; individuals with a family history of allergies are at a higher risk of developing the condition. Environmental factors, such as air pollution, climate change, and lifestyle, also play critical roles in triggering allergic rhinitis.

Treatment methods for allergic rhinitis primarily include allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and immunotherapy. Avoiding allergens is the most fundamental approach, such as maintaining a clean and dry indoor environment, using dust mite-proof bedding during high dust mite seasons, and regularly cleaning pets. In terms of pharmacotherapy, antihistamines and intranasal corticosteroids are common options that can effectively relieve symptoms. For some patients, immunotherapy represents a long-term treatment strategy, which involves gradually increasing tolerance to specific allergens, significantly improving symptoms.

In summary, allergic rhinitis is a common allergic condition that requires attention to the differences between its perennial and seasonal forms. Understanding its pathophysiology, symptomatology, and effective treatment strategies will help improve patients' quality of life and reduce the burden of the disease.